Around the end of 19th century, Aspirin was developed by Bayer AG in Germany. It blocks both COX-1 and COX-2, and PAK1 with IC50 around 3 milli M.
A century later (between 1970s and 1980s), a new pain-killer called "Ketorolac" was developed by Roche in US, patented and marketed. It is a mixture of S form (COX-1 inhibitor) and R-form (COX-2 inhibitor). Their IC50 around 10 micro M, 300 times stronger than Asprin.
Interestingly, R-form was found to block PAK1, as well, later (around 2015).
Then (during 2015-2016), through CC (Click Chemistry) we developed its (highly cell-permeable) ester called 1, 2, 3-Triazolyl ester of Ketorolac (15K), which is 500 to 5000 times stronger than Ketorolac, depending on cancer cell types. 15K is a "highly potent" pain-killler as well as cancer-killer. IC50 is around 6 nM.
As I have described previously, 15K can be used as a new potent "Cachexia" therapeutic as well.
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